Reform Movements that Benefited Chinese Immigrants

Unlike the other immigrant groups, the Chinese were not affected by a reform movement. Chinese immigrants lived separated from other races is Chinatowns. Chinatowns were located in major cities such as New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. The Chinese formed support groups such as the Ying On Association and Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association to assist Chinese who faced discrimination. These groups advocated for citizenship rights for the Chinese. Many of these groups were involved in the criminal underworld of their respective cities.